BETA and GAMMA SHIELDS
In life science research, radioactive compounds are used in the detection of nucleic acids and proteins as well as in many other techniques such as radioimmunoassay and as tracers in metabolic studies. The most often used isotopes which emit beta (ß) radiation particles are: [32P] phosphorous, [35S] sulfur, [14C] carbon and [3H] tritium. While [125I] iodine, [133Xe] xenon, [57Co] cobalt, [99mTe] technetium, [123I] iodine and [67Ga] gallium, emit gamma (γ) particles.
Generally, beta emissions are negatively charged particles (electrons), emitted from the nucleus of an atom. Depending on the particular atom, the energy level of the charged particle will vary. Phosphorous is regarded as having a high energy level of beta radiation particles, being 10 times greater than that of tritium, and which can travel up to seven meters in air. Phosphorous is therefore known as a "hard" emitter of beta radiation, while tritium, sulfur and carbon are regarded as "soft" emitters of beta radiation.
125I is a weak emitter of gamma radiation particles. Gamma emissions are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to that of light, generated by the nuclear decay of an unstable isotope. They are much more penetrating than beta emissions and can travel very long distances in air.